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Thursday, May 14, 2015


Wars and Arms and Artillaries -




Since ancient times there has been a legacy of wars in  India .The war was called "Dharmayuddh" when it was for a right purpose.When it was for subvertion of monarch and for annihilation of enemy it was Asur Yuddh .And when the war was waged for greed for wealth ,it was called Lobh yuddha.The later two were inculded in the "Kutayuddha" or unrighteous war .The wars were waged upon some ethical values called "yuddha niti" that very much determined the direction of war . Since ancient time kings of India never tried to usurp the land of other kindoms beyond the physical baundaries of India .Though there was a trend of conquering the entire Indian subcontinent by a King ,who wanted to become a great ruler with the  title "Chakravarti Samraat" .Even in Mahabharat and Ramayan there are instances of the emperors performing "Ashwamedh yagya" who  wanted their sovereignity to be accepted by neighbouring chieftains and other rulers .  We can find the elaborated description of wars from many sources of past.I am here going to discuss the importance of the war and its three components  - social ,physical and technical accomplishments.


Social resources - 


In ancient India society became organised.Those castes who were amenable for wars were Kshtriyas.Kshtriyas were assigned a social rank next to the intellectual and spiritual members of the society .They were responsible for maintaining  unity and integrity of a kingdom ,which they governed .They were the rulers and hence had responsibility of governance and defense of their subjects .They were given necessary education ,drill and discipline to cultivate the militarism and thus the art of waging wars was not so common in other castes .They were supposed to inherit the inborn characters of chivalry ,mercy ,nobility etc.But the most admiring thing that could be seen in the Kshatriyas of ancient India is that in the grimmest times of struggle in the wars they never forgot morals and their principles of war .As it has been stated in Agni Purana the principles of war or Dhramayuddh inculded -

An armed soldier should never fight with a man who is not so clad .

One should fight with only one enemy and should cease the war if the opponent is disabled.
Aged men ,women ,children where thought to be weak .So they were not supposed to be attacked .One who surrenders ,also came in this class .
The war should not be waged on the public areas and the army was not allowed to destroy fruits ,flowers,gardens ,and other places of public interests .

The physical structure of an army -Sources say that since ancient Vedic times the army was divided in fourfold of forces that were Chariots, Elephants ,Horsemen and the Cavalry.The army possessing those four parts were called Chaturangini sena .


Technical achievements -


Since childhood the kshatriya children were given technical education in science of arms .Weapons consisted of Astras and Shastras.The former was thrown or cast down by means of machines,charms or fire .They were charmed and tubular.The shastras were such weapon that could inflict a cut in someone's body. Archery was the most important weapon science in the vedic and post vedic periods .The bow (Dhanush) and arrows(Baana)  though named differently as Sarang ,Kodand ,Karmuka.Archery was not limited upto the usage of  normal arrows .The arrows were first empowered by the formula to be recited like holy hymns: Mantras .Reciting these , the  arrow fills with magical and spiritual efficiency and carried specific power with it ,that was strong enough to devastate the enemy in a desired way .There are description of many such arms in the Vedas , Mahabaharat ,Ramayan .The archery called "Dhanurvidya" and the book that gives its knowledge was "Dhanur veda".Dhanurveda classifies the weapons as Amukta (not thrown), Mukta(thrown), Mukta-mukta and Mantramukta (discharged by mantras ) .In Nitiprakasika ,it seems that it has talked about the arrows of three types Mukta ,Amukta and Mantramukta .


We have references from Bhargava that talks about many interesting weapons.Millions of types of arrows such as blazing ,venom tipped ,snake like ."Asani "and "Vajra" meaning "lightening" (generating electrical energy).Vajra was a Amukta weapon assigned to Indra which was made of the bone of Maharshi Dadhichi. "Sammohan  baan" rendered those they struck unconciouss.

We get a refrence of the hyper destructive weapons :the Brahmastra and Pashupatastra ,that are described as to be powerful enough that they could cause indiscriminate loss of life.Even biological weapons were known .The Puranas says that there were such arrows ,when shot ,could cause fever and other serious diseases .

A weapon termed Shataghni indicates the presence of a projectile that could kill thousands together.It may be taken as a weapon like cannon .

Asi or the swords were thought to be one of the best types of weapons to fight all types of wars.In the Santi-parva (166,3 ff; 82 ff). Bhisma being asked as to which weapon in his opinion was the best for all kinds of fighting, replies that the sword is the foremost among arms (agryah praharananam), but the bow is first (adyam). 

In ancient India the process of making Ukku steel was known that is nowadays is called Damascus steel .It was used to make best swords of the world .The original Damascus steel-the world's first high-carbon steel-was a product of India known as wootz. Wootz is the English for ukku in Kannada and Telugu, meaning steel.

The Puranas refer to certain hyper-destructive weapons: the Brahmastra and Pashupatastra,as the highly resonant incendiary wepons that set fire to everything. Lakshmana in Ramayana so and Arjuna in Mahabharatas' were prevented from using them because they could cause indiscriminate loss of life. 

Once I had a discussion with my father on the Brahmastra and pashupatastra and how lord Krishna saved Parikshit in the womb of Uttara when Aswasthama discharged Brahmastra at him. He told me that these weapons were like nuclear weapons that were once when discharged were tough to control and were powerful enough to do a considerable destruction to the earth .Now I am really surprized to see such a statement given by someone else ..
Julius Robert Oppenheimer, the principle developer of the atomic bomb, stated that "The Vedas are the greatest privilege of this century." During the explosion of the first atomic bomb, Oppenheimer quoted several Bhagavad-gita verses from the 11th chapter, such as:


Trinity long exposure

A long exposure shot at Trinity Test 

"Death I am, cause of destruction of the worlds..."
When Oppenheimer was asked if this is the first nuclear explosion, he significantly replied: "Yes, in modern times," implying that ancient nuclear explosions may have previously occurred.

You know, thinking of it thrills me from inside .It is really amazing !

There is also reference to bacteriological warfare in the Puranas. Arrows were shot to cause fever and other serious diseases of the eyes and ears of the enemy. People believed in mantras, words or formula to be recited or sung, that have magical and spiritual efficiency.
The Atharva Veda refers to resorts to enchantments as a means to win battles.

There are many instances of naval and aerial war fares in ancient India .


In Shantiparva of Mahabharat ,(by Pitamah Bhishma) it is said that the navy is one of the parts of a complete army.In the Manusamhita (Vii. 192), it is said that boats should be employed for military purposes when the theatre of hostilities abounded in water. Kamandaka (XVI, 50) alludes to naval warfare when he says: "By regular practice one becomes an adept in fighting from chariot, horses, elephants and boats, and a past-master in ery." Manavadharmasastra refers to sea fights and attests to the use of boats for naval warfare. The sailor is called naukakarmajiva. Yukti-kalpataru  of Bhoja specifies three types of ships Sarvamadira - cabins everywhere,Madhyamadira - Cabins in the middle (used in rainy season) and Agramandira - cabins towards the prows or in front ( eminently adapted for naval warfare).


Further on in the Veda, this same vessel is described as a plava which was storm-proof and which presented a pleasing appearance and had wings on its sides. Another reference informs us that Tugra dispatched a fleet of four vessels (Catasro navah) among which was the one referred to above. We may infer from these passages that the Asvins were a great commercial people having their home in a far-off island, and that their ruler Tugra maintained a fleet in the interests of his State. There are also other references in the Rig Veda to show that the ancient Indians were acquainted with the art of navigation. For instance, Varuna is credited with a knowledge of the ocean routes along which vessels sailed.  

The Baudhayana Dharmasastra speaks of Samudrasamyanam and interprets it as nava dvipantaragamanam, i. e. Sailing to other lands by ships. This very term occurs in the navadhyaksa section of the Kautaliya Arthasastra.

Though it is thought generally that science of flying is a gift to us from right brothers,but when you will know the reality ,you will be surprised .Knowledge of aerial warfare was well known to ancient Indians since Vedic period.In one of the Brahmanas of Vedas ,there is description of an aircraft with two wings .It says he ship is the Agnihotra of which the Ahavaniya and Garhapatya fires represent the two sides bound heavenward, and the steersman is the Agnihotrin who offers milk to the three Agnis. Again in the still earlier Rg Veda Samhita we read that the Asvins conveyed the rescued Bhujya safely by means of winged ships.


Samarangana Sutradhara of Bhoja, a whole chapter of about 230 stanzas is devoted to the principles of construction underlying the various flying machines and other engines used for military and other purposes.


The Puranas and epics show that ancient Indians knew well the art of navigating in the air.

Col. Henry S Olcott (1832 – 1907) American author, attorney, philosopher, and co founder of the Theosophical Society in a lecture in Allahabad, in 1881.

He said : “The ancient Hindus could navigate the air, and not only navigate it, but fight battles in it like so many war-eagles combating for the domination of the clouds. To be so perfect in aeronautics, they must have known all the arts and sciences related to the science, including the strata and currents of the atmosphere, the relative temperature, humidity, density and specific gravity of the various gases...” 


In Vaimanika Sastra of Maharshi Bhardwaj  there has been given a detailed description of the  mercury vortex engine .Indologist William Clarindon in his translation of Samaranga Sutradhara quotes "‘Inside the circular air frame, place the mercury-engine with its solar mercury boiler at the aircraft center. By means of the power latent in the heated mercury which sets the driving whirlwind in motion a man sitting inside may travel a great distance in a most marvellous manner. Four strong mercury containers must be built into the interior structure. When these have been heated by fire through solar or other sources the Vimana (aircraft) develops thunder-power through the mercury."


Shivkar Bapuji Talpade was born in 1864 in the locality of Chirabazar at Dukkarwadi in Bombay.


He was a scholar of Sanskrit and from his young age was attracted by the Vaimanika Sastra . One western scholar of IndologyStephen-Knapp has put in simple words or rather has tried to explain what Talpade did and succeeded!


Surprisingly according to the bi-monthly Ancient Skies published in USA, the aircraft engines being developed for future use by NASA by some strange coincidence also uses mercury bombardment units powered by Solar cells! Interestingly, the impulse is generated in seven stages.

You can find the english translation of vaimanika shastra on http://upload.vedpuran.net/Uploads/121113the_vimanika_shastra.pdf




In Yantra Sarvaswa it is said "There are 32 kinds of yantras for generating electricity, such as by friction, by heating, by waterfall, by combination, by solar rays, etc. Out of these, saamyojaka or production by combination is the one most suitable for vimaanas. Its manufacture is explained by Sage Agastya in Shaktitantra". There has been described a method to store electricity via the rays of Sun which in turn starts the mercury engine .


     





Monday, March 16, 2015



Major National Parks and Sancturies 




The beautiful  National Park situated in 40 km square area in Bishnupur, Manipur .This is a reserve for protecting Brown Antlered Deer (Rucervus eldi eldi) and has been declared a world heritage site by UNESCO .
It is world's only floating park .It is called so because the park is a swamp with floating mass of vegetation called "Phumdis".It is one of the most spectacular site in India .

Gir Forest is the biggest wildlife sanctury in India .
It is a Lion reserve .Corbett National Park is Tiger reserve .

            Keibul Lamjao Park 



Name                                                         Location                                 Reserve For 

Kaziranga National Park                      Jorhat (Assam)                        Rhinoceros ,Buffalos,Hog
Manas National Park                            Manas(Assam)                        Rhinoceros
Sonairupa Sanctury                              Tezpur(Assam)                        Elephant,Sambhar,Wild Boar                                                                                                                  ,Rhinoceros
Namdapha National Park                     Arunachal Pradesh                   Tiger
Pakhal Sanctury                                   Warangal(Andhra Pradesh)     Tiger,Panther,Nilgai
Dachingam                                           Kashmir                                   Kashmir Stag
Corbet National Park                            Nainital (Uttarakhand)            Tiger,Elephant
Achanakmar Sanctury                          Bilaspur(MP)                           Tiger,bear,cheetal,sambhar,                                                                                                                        bison
Kanha National Park                            Madhya Pradesh                       Tiger
Shivpuri National Park                         Madhya Pradesh                      Leopards ,Jackals, wild boar                                                                                                                      ,sloth bear.
Gandhi Sagar Sanctury                        Mandsaur(MP)                         Chital ,sambar ,chinkara
Chandraprabha Sanctury                     Uttar Pradesh                            Lion
Dudhawa national park                        Uttar Pradesh                            Barasingha (12 pointed deer)
Sariska Sanctury                                  Alwar (Rajasthan)                    Tiger Panther ,Chinkara,samber
Ranthambhor National Park                Sawai Madhopur(Rajasthan)    Tiger ,leapord,sloth bear,                                                                                                                            crocodile
Ghana Bird Sanctury or Keoladeo      Bharatpur (Rajasthan)               Water birds,Black bug ,Chital,                                                                                                                  sambhar .
Gir Forest (Biggest Wild Life             Junagarh(Gujrat)                       Lion
 Sanctury in India )
Wild Ass Sanctury                              Little Rann Of Kachch(Gujrat) Wild ass.Wolf,Nilgai,Chinkara
Hazaribagh National Park                   Bihar                                          Tiger
Sundarban Tiger Reserve                   South 24 Parganas                      Tiger ,dear,wild boar,leapord
                                                           (West Bengal)
Simplipal National Park                     Mayurbhanj,Orrisa                     Tigers,Leapords,elephant,hill                                                                                                                    maynah
Nokrek National Park                         Garo hills (Meghalaya)              Fishing cat ,tiger
Keibul Lamjao (only floating
park in the world)                                Bishnupur(Manipur)                  Dancing deer
Vedanthangal Bird                              Tamil Nadu                                Birds
Mudumalai Sanctury                          Tamil Nadu                                 Tigers,golden jackal,stripped                                                                                                                     hyena
Bandipur Sanctury                              Border of Karnataka and            Elephants ,tiger , sambhar                                                                      Tamilnadu                                 panther
Rangnathittoo Bird Sanctury              Mysore  (Karnataka)                   Birds
Nagarhole National park                     Karnataka                                   Elephant ,tiger,leopards, wild                                                                                                                     dogs
Saraswathy Sanctury                           Shimoga (Karnataka )                Elephant,tiger,panther
Tungbhadra sanctury                          Ballary (Karnataka)                    Four horn antelope,sloth bear.
Periyar sanctury                                  Idukki(Kerela)                            Elephant,tiger,panther,nilgai,                                                                                                                     sambar                                    

Saturday, March 14, 2015

Spirituality 





There are so many things in life that different people think in different ways .Each handle situations of life in his and her own way.Those who think that they are making their future in physical sense and other who think that they are making their future in spiritual sense .In this whole world you would find majority of second type of people in India .This philosophy is in the root of Indian culture .Have you ever heard of 33 crores deities in any religion or in any philosophy .It is not fake .In Hindu religion it is so ,there are 33 crores of deities controlling the various phenonmenons of this universe .You should trust .Once I was studying the immune system of human body .I was surprized to see the controlled functions of molecules .They are just molecules without any brain ...if it is the gene that regulate their actions ,are genes big enough to possess a brain or brain is the massive form of that specific machine that can work even at molecular level ? Brain is a biological product formed by the interactions of the matter waves with the force produced by spiritual thoughts or consciousness of an identity . It is the conciousness that guides the molecules to arrange in a proper way according to one's nature.Each and every molecule in your body is adjusted according to your nature .Thats way you are different from others .But domains of specific bodily functions seems to be under control of some external power ,where you dont have your own access ,even not know that it is happening somewhere in the body .But there is a war in our body everytime for its existence .Who fights in our favour .It seems that these are agents of that God whom we offer our prayer .His force ,alloted in sections to those demigods ,who are looking after specific tasks of this universe .So .in India ,we say if you are suffering from this problem ,pray to this  demigod .But finally ,if you are dedicated to the head "the truth" i.e called "Hari Om Tatsat"
you need not to care about the all smaller one .This is the principle followed by the Indians since ancient times .Here " Dharma or the righteous path" is thought to be followed by right people ,wheather the conclusion seems to be tougher .Even people do not fear of death in front of their spiritual rising.It is the spirituality in India .

We can see what is superior to matter is the power that configures it i.e. consciousness .Albert Einstein has said that “No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it.”.So consciousness itself is superior to matter and the abstract is ruling this universe !The spiritualy is in vein of India .Everywhere people are influenced by its magic .Even the power of stability in a typical country like India comes from it only .

Our observation changes our world .What we think we see like that and that observation changes our world .Recent studies shows that  factors associated with consciousness are significantly correlated in predicted ways with perturbations in the double slit interference pattern.

Pioneering physicist Sir James Jeans wrote: “The stream of knowledge is heading toward a non-mechanical reality; the universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine. Mind no longer appears to be an accidental intruder into the realm of matter, we ought rather hail it as the creator and governor of the realm of matter. Get over it, and accept the inarguable conclusion. The universe is immaterial-mental and spiritual.” (R.C. Henry, “The Mental Universe” ; Nature 436:29,2005) (source) .








Monday, March 9, 2015

Constitution of  India

Drafting of Constitution -
Members of the drafting committee

Parts of Indian constitution
The preamble
Parts and the article
The schedules
Amendments of the constitution -
Methods of Amendment
Major amendments of the constitution
Citizenship in the constitution -
Dual citizenship

Functionaries of Central government

The President

Qualifications of the President.
Election of the President
Trms and emoluments
Powers of the President
Impeachment (article 61)
In case of vacancy

The Vice President

Qualifications of VicePresident
Election of vice president
Terms and emoluments
Functions

The Prime minister -

Emoluments

Council of ministers
The parliament -
Rajya Sabha
Eligibility of the members
Lok Sabha
Elegibility of the members
Session of the parliament
joint session of Parliament
Conduct of business in parliament

The supreme court -
Features of the supreme court

Functionaries of state -
The governer-
Qualification or elegibility
Remuneration
Powers

The Chief Minister
The council of ministers
The state legislature -
Bicameral states
The Legislative Council(Vidhan Parishad)
The Legislative assembly (Vidhan sabha)

Thew High court -
Appointment of judges
qualification of judges
Tenure
Procedure for removal

Union state relations -

Union list
State list
Concurrent list

UPSC
Comptroller and Auditor general
Attorney general of India
Anti defection law

Political process in India -
General elections in India
Political parties in India

The election commission -
Function of the EC

Panchayati Raj System -
some facts about elections in india
General election 2009  
Constitution of  India

Drafting of Constitution -
Members of the drafting committee

Parts of Indian constitution
The preamble
Parts and the article
The schedules
Amendments of the constitution -
Methods of Amendment
Major amendments of the constitution
Citizenship in the constitution -
Dual citizenship

Functionaries of Central government

The President

Qualifications of the President.
Election of the President
Trms and emoluments
Powers of the President
Impeachment (article 61)
In case of vacancy

The Vice President

Qualifications of VicePresident
Election of vice president
Terms and emoluments
Functions

The Prime minister -

Emoluments

Council of ministers
The parliament -
Rajya Sabha
Eligibility of the members
Lok Sabha
Elegibility of the members
Session of the parliament
joint session of Parliament
Conduct of business in parliament

The supreme court -
Features of the supreme court

Functionaries of state -
The governer-
Qualification or elegibility
Remuneration
Powers

The Chief Minister
The council of ministers
The state legislature -
Bicameral states
The Legislative Council(Vidhan Parishad)
The Legislative assembly (Vidhan sabha)

Thew High court -
Appointment of judges
qualification of judges
Tenure
Procedure for removal

Union state relations -

Union list
State list
Concurrent list

UPSC
Comptroller and Auditor general
Attorney general of India
Anti defection law

Political process in India -
General elections in India
Political parties in India

The election commission -
Function of the EC

Panchayati Raj System -
some facts about elections in india
General election 2009  
Status of women 



Since ancient times women were thought to be a symbol of love , compassion,forgiveness,coyly and power .They were given due respect .They were expected to be of strong character and were always supposed to be married in  superior races ,so that they can learn good things from superior people and their virtues could not be misentertained by the mean people.They were always protected first because they were well known for their importance in establishing  the pillars of the society.

The women at that time assumed their husbands like the God and the men gave their wives due respect assuming them a form of Godess .Each one has respect for each other .

As the state of women is declining gradually, it all could be thought of as misinterpretation of  those dirty minds who are theirselves transgressors .Leaving the way of the truth aside ,they just for their own interests, want their all wrong to be accepted .They say that they are male and there every decisions should be accepted .In Hindu religion the status of women was never so crippling as it is growing now ,if you are Hindu and belong to Hindustan always remember  "Ardhanaarishwar form " of lord Shiva .When God have given equal space to women then who are the men .Nature never discriminates .If a women is absent ,a man can never be born .If there is no man ,a women can not be born .Now say who is less ? A man cannot have more properties than Lord Shiva ...then who gives right to them to abuse women .A women ,if doing wrong ..she needs to be stopped first .Even if she is doing wrong ..she is not on the path of Dharma ,only then she needs to be punished .Rather now a days I am seeing the adultresses are the happiest women while the women who are sacrificing their lives for happiness of their families ,their surroundigs ,their countries  are being tortured most....God knows at which path everything is heading .

A shloka from Manusmriti says :


Though Manusmriti has many strict rules for women , it also clarifies that women if are not adultresses they should be treated very carefully .It tells that



"Where women are honored there the gods are pleased; but where they are not honored no sacred rite yields rewards," declares Manu Smriti (III.56) a text on social conduct. 
"Women must be honored and adorned by their fathers, brothers, husbands and brothers-in-law, who desire their own welfare." (Manu Smriti III, 55)
" Where the female relations live in grief, the family soon wholly perishes;  but  that family where they are not unhappy ever prospers." (Manu Smriti III, 57). 
"The houses on which female relations, not being duly honored, pronounce a curse, perish completely as if destroyed by magic." (Manu Smriti III, 58)
" Hence men who seek their own welfare, should always honor women on holidays and festivals with gifts of ornaments, clothes, and dainty food." (Manu Smriti III, 59)

"If a husband deserts his wife, she may marry another." (Manu, chapter IX, verse 77).


The Upnishads and the Rig Veda also describe the status of women at that time .The Upnishads state that these women (Visvavara, Shashvati, Gargi, Maitreyi, Apala, Ghosha, and Aditi ) conversed freely with the men on the highest philosophical topics .Rig Veda hymns were revealed to Brahmavadinis and Rishikas who discussed hymns with the Indra .They instructed knowledge of Brahma to Him .Seventeen of the seers to whom the hymns of the Rig Veda were revealed were women - rishikas and brahmavadinis. 

They were Romasa, Lopamudra, Apata, Kadru, Vishvavara, Ghosha, Juhu, Vagambhrini, Paulomi, Jarita, Shraddha-Kamayani, Urvashi, Sharnga, Yami, Indrani, Savitri and Devayani. 

The Sama Veda mentions another four: Nodha (or Purvarchchika), Akrishtabhasha, Shikatanivavari (or Utararchchika) and Ganpayana.

Yajurveda VIII . 1 - "Girls had upanayana performed for them and carried out the sandhya rites.  A young daughter who has observed brahmacarya should be married to a bridegroom who is learned like her."


Nitimanjari 68 " na grham kasthapasanair dayita yatra tad grham " .

Meaning "Home is not what is made of wood and stone; but where a wife is, there is the home."  


Will Durant (1885-1981) American historian says: 

"Women enjoyed far greater freedom in the Vedic period than in later India. She had more to say in the choice of her mate than the forms of marriage might suggest. She appeared freely at feasts and dances, and joined with men in religious sacrifice. She could study, and like Gargi, engage in philosophical disputation. If she was left a widow there were no restrictions upon her remarriage."

Clolonel James Tod studied ancient hindu books and said  " A Hindu Sage says "Strike not even with a blossom a wife guilty of a hundred faults," .


The idea of equality was most forcibly expressed in the Rig Veda (Book 5, hymn 61. verse 8). "The wife and husband, being the equal halves of one substance, are equal in every respect; therefore both should join and take equal parts in all work, religious and secular."



Sage Parashar said: 

“O Maitreya! Always a companion of Vishnu and the Mother of this Universe,
Devi Lakshmi is eternal. Vishnu is omnipresent, so is She.
If She is speech, Vishnu is the object of description.
Vishnu is the Law, and She is the Policy.
Lord Vishnu is knowledge, she is intelligence.
He is Dharma, She is good karma.
If Vishnu is the Creator, She is the Creation (that abides eternally with Him).
He is the mountain, She is Earth.
He is the virtue of contentment, She is the every satisfying.
If Lord Vishnu is desire, She is the object of desire.
He is the sacred Vedic ritual, she is the priestly fee…” 

It is the special injuction of the Vedas that no married man shall perform any religious rite, ceremony, or sacrifice without being joined in by his wife; the wife is considered a partaker and partner in the spiritual life of her husband; she is called, in Sanskrit, Sahadharmini, "spiritual helpmate."

 There are a dozen name of woman revealers of the Vedic wisdom, such as Visvavara, Shashvati, Gargi, Maitreyi, Apala, Ghosha, and Aditi, who instructed Indra, one of the Devas, in the higher knowledge of Brahman, the Universal Spirit. Everyone of them lived the ideal life of spirituality, being untouched by the things of the world. They are called in Sanskrit Brahmavadinis, the speakers and revealers of Brahman.

The Rig Veda too places woman on a high pedestal of sublimity: Yatr nariyastu poojayante ramante tatr devah, where woman is worshipped, Gods preside there.

The great grammarian, Patanjali, author of that monumental masterpiece known as Mahabhashya, uses the formation sakthiki to indicate a female bearer of a spear [iv, 1, 15(6)]. In this connection, we are reminded of the Amazonian bodyguard of armed women employed in his palace by the Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, as described by Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador to his Court. Similarly, Kautilya in his Arthasastra, which is also taken to be a document of Mauryan history, refers to women soldiers armed with bows and arrows…

In ancient India, Hindu women did not veil their faces rather they enjoyed considerable amount of freedom in society. But repeated attacks on Hindu India by foreigners through centuries changed the situation. During such aggressions, and also when India was under foreign occupation, the honor and chastity of women often became the casualties. There have been numerous cases when Hindu women killed themselves (The Sati pratha ,and the Zauhar )rather than yield to indignities inflicted by the aggressors. As a result, Hindu society, became more protective about its women. The freedom of women was curtailed. To protect themselves Hindu women started to cover their faces with veils and started to stay home. Their participation in social events was greatly restricted.After Mohammadens conquered India ,they treated Indian women very bady so they preffered death ,and voluantrily sought it .


Padmini Sengupta has written in her book, Everyday Life in Ancient India:

"The position of women in ancient India was free and emancipated, and women were well educated and respected members of society. A wife shared all her husband's privileges and was his companion and help-mate in his activities."  The position of women was far better than in other countries of ancient times. How else could it be in a culture which placed the Mother before the Father in priority for reverence? Matr devo bhava - was the first Upanisadic exhortation to the young. So far as we know, Hinduism is the only religion whose symbolism places the Feminine on a par with the Masculine in the profound concept of Siva-Sakti culminating in the image of Ardharnari-Isvara. The Hindu has honored his country as his Motherland - Bharat Mata and his nationalism has grown up from the seed Mantra - Vande Mataram.